How to integrate Google Sheets MCP with LangChain

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Introduction

This guide walks you through connecting Google Sheets to LangChain using the Composio tool router. By the end, you'll have a working Google Sheets agent that can add a new sheet named 'q3 sales', update all rows where status is 'pending', create a pie chart of expenses by category, clear values in the 'drafts' worksheet through natural language commands.

This guide will help you understand how to give your LangChain agent real control over a Google Sheets account through Composio's Google Sheets MCP server.

Before we dive in, let's take a quick look at the key ideas and tools involved.

TL;DR

Here's what you'll learn:
  • Get and set up your OpenAI and Composio API keys
  • Connect your Google Sheets project to Composio
  • Create a Tool Router MCP session for Google Sheets
  • Initialize an MCP client and retrieve Google Sheets tools
  • Build a LangChain agent that can interact with Google Sheets
  • Set up an interactive chat interface for testing

What is LangChain?

LangChain is a framework for developing applications powered by language models. It provides tools and abstractions for building agents that can reason, use tools, and maintain conversation context.

Key features include:

  • Agent Framework: Build agents that can use tools and make decisions
  • MCP Integration: Connect to external services through Model Context Protocol adapters
  • Memory Management: Maintain conversation history across interactions
  • Multi-Provider Support: Works with OpenAI, Anthropic, and other LLM providers

What is the Google Sheets MCP server, and what's possible with it?

The Google Sheets MCP server is an implementation of the Model Context Protocol that connects your AI agent and assistants like Claude, Cursor, etc directly to your Google Sheets account. It provides structured and secure access to your spreadsheets, so your agent can perform actions like creating new sheets, updating data, generating charts, and automating spreadsheet workflows on your behalf.

  • Spreadsheet creation and management: Instantly create new Google Sheets and add new worksheets (tabs) to existing spreadsheets whenever you need extra space or organization.
  • Bulk data reading and updating: Retrieve specific data ranges, aggregate column data, or update multiple rows and cells at once—perfect for reporting or syncing external data.
  • Automated chart generation: Direct your agent to build charts from selected data, making visualization and analysis faster and easier right inside your sheets.
  • Smart filtering and data cleanup: Have the agent clear filters, remove cell contents, or append rows and columns to keep your sheets tidy and up to date.
  • Dynamic data manipulation: Use advanced features like batch updates with data filters and aggregate operations to transform, filter, or summarize spreadsheet data efficiently.

Supported Tools & Triggers

Tools
Triggers
Add Sheet to SpreadsheetAdds a new sheet (worksheet) to a spreadsheet.
Aggregate Column DataSearches for rows where a specific column matches a value and performs mathematical operations on data from another column.
Append DimensionTool to append new rows or columns to a sheet, increasing its size.
Batch get spreadsheetRetrieves data from specified cell ranges in a google spreadsheet; ensure the spreadsheet has at least one worksheet and any explicitly referenced sheet names in ranges exist.
Batch update spreadsheetUpdates a specified range in a google sheet with given values, or appends them as new rows if `first cell location` is omitted; ensure the target sheet exists and the spreadsheet contains at least one worksheet.
Batch Update Values by Data FilterTool to update values in ranges matching data filters.
Clear Basic FilterTool to clear the basic filter from a sheet.
Clear spreadsheet valuesClears cell content (preserving formatting and notes) from a specified a1 notation range in a google spreadsheet; the range must correspond to an existing sheet and cells.
Create Chart in Google SheetsCreate a chart in a google sheets spreadsheet using the specified data range and chart type.
Create a Google SheetCreates a new google spreadsheet in google drive using the provided title.
Create spreadsheet columnCreates a new column in a google spreadsheet, requiring a valid `spreadsheet id` and an existing `sheet id`; an out-of-bounds `insert index` may append/prepend the column.
Create spreadsheet rowInserts a new, empty row into a specified sheet of a google spreadsheet at a given index, optionally inheriting formatting from the row above.
Delete Dimension (Rows/Columns)Tool to delete specified rows or columns from a sheet in a google spreadsheet.
Delete SheetTool to delete a sheet (worksheet) from a spreadsheet.
Execute SQL on SpreadsheetExecute sql queries against google sheets tables.
Find worksheet by titleFinds a worksheet by its exact, case-sensitive title within a google spreadsheet; returns a boolean indicating if found and the complete metadata of the entire spreadsheet, regardless of whether the target worksheet is found.
Format cellApplies text and background cell formatting to a specified range in a google sheets worksheet.
Get sheet namesLists all worksheet names from a specified google spreadsheet (which must exist), useful for discovering sheets before further operations.
Get Spreadsheet by Data FilterReturns the spreadsheet at the given id, filtered by the specified data filters.
Get spreadsheet infoRetrieves comprehensive metadata for a google spreadsheet using its id, excluding cell data.
Get Table SchemaThis action is used to get the schema of a table in a google spreadsheet, call this action to get the schema of a table in a spreadsheet before you query the table.
Insert Dimension in Google SheetTool to insert new rows or columns into a sheet at a specified location.
List Tables in SpreadsheetThis action is used to list all tables in a google spreadsheet, call this action to get the list of tables in a spreadsheet.
Look up spreadsheet rowFinds the first row in a google spreadsheet where a cell's entire content exactly matches the query string, searching within a specified a1 notation range or the first sheet by default.
Query Spreadsheet TableThis action is used to query a table in a google spreadsheet, call this action to query a table in a spreadsheet.
Search Developer MetadataTool to search for developer metadata in a spreadsheet.
Search SpreadsheetsSearch for google spreadsheets using various filters including name, content, date ranges, and more.
Set Basic FilterTool to set a basic filter on a sheet in a google spreadsheet.
Create sheet from JSONCreates a new google spreadsheet and populates its first worksheet from `sheet json`, which must be non-empty as its first item's keys establish the headers.
Copy Sheet to Another SpreadsheetTool to copy a single sheet from a spreadsheet to another spreadsheet.
Append Values to SpreadsheetTool to append values to a spreadsheet.
Batch Clear Spreadsheet ValuesTool to clear one or more ranges of values from a spreadsheet.
Batch Clear Values By Data FilterClears one or more ranges of values from a spreadsheet using data filters.
Batch Get Spreadsheet Values by Data FilterTool to return one or more ranges of values from a spreadsheet that match the specified data filters.
Update Sheet PropertiesTool to update properties of a sheet (worksheet) within a google spreadsheet, such as its title, index, visibility, tab color, or grid properties.
Update Spreadsheet PropertiesTool to update properties of a spreadsheet, such as its title, locale, or auto-recalculation settings.

What is the Composio tool router, and how does it fit here?

What is Tool Router?

Composio's Tool Router helps agents find the right tools for a task at runtime. You can plug in multiple toolkits (like Gmail, HubSpot, and GitHub), and the agent will identify the relevant app and action to complete multi-step workflows. This can reduce token usage and improve the reliability of tool calls. Read more here: Getting started with Tool Router

The tool router generates a secure MCP URL that your agents can access to perform actions.

How the Tool Router works

The Tool Router follows a three-phase workflow:

  1. Discovery: Searches for tools matching your task and returns relevant toolkits with their details.
  2. Authentication: Checks for active connections. If missing, creates an auth config and returns a connection URL via Auth Link.
  3. Execution: Executes the action using the authenticated connection.

Step-by-step Guide

Prerequisites

Before starting this tutorial, make sure you have:
  • Python 3.10 or higher installed on your system
  • A Composio account with an API key
  • An OpenAI API key
  • Basic familiarity with Python and async programming

Getting API Keys for OpenAI and Composio

OpenAI API Key
  • Go to the OpenAI dashboard and create an API key. You'll need credits to use the models, or you can connect to another model provider.
  • Keep the API key safe.
Composio API Key
  • Log in to the Composio dashboard.
  • Navigate to your API settings and generate a new API key.
  • Store this key securely as you'll need it for authentication.

Install dependencies

pip install composio-langchain langchain-mcp-adapters langchain python-dotenv

Install the required packages for LangChain with MCP support.

What's happening:

  • composio-langchain provides Composio integration for LangChain
  • langchain-mcp-adapters enables MCP client connections
  • langchain is the core agent framework
  • python-dotenv loads environment variables

Set up environment variables

bash
COMPOSIO_API_KEY=your_composio_api_key_here
COMPOSIO_USER_ID=your_composio_user_id_here
OPENAI_API_KEY=your_openai_api_key_here

Create a .env file in your project root.

What's happening:

  • COMPOSIO_API_KEY authenticates your requests to Composio's API
  • COMPOSIO_USER_ID identifies the user for session management
  • OPENAI_API_KEY enables access to OpenAI's language models

Import dependencies

from langchain_mcp_adapters.client import MultiServerMCPClient
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from dotenv import load_dotenv
from composio import Composio
import asyncio
import os

load_dotenv()
What's happening:
  • We're importing LangChain's MCP adapter and Composio SDK
  • The dotenv import loads environment variables from your .env file
  • This setup prepares the foundation for connecting LangChain with Google Sheets functionality through MCP

Initialize Composio client

async def main():
    composio = Composio(api_key=os.getenv("COMPOSIO_API_KEY"))

    if not os.getenv("COMPOSIO_API_KEY"):
        raise ValueError("COMPOSIO_API_KEY is not set")
    if not os.getenv("COMPOSIO_USER_ID"):
        raise ValueError("COMPOSIO_USER_ID is not set")
What's happening:
  • We're loading the COMPOSIO_API_KEY from environment variables and validating it exists
  • Creating a Composio instance that will manage our connection to Google Sheets tools
  • Validating that COMPOSIO_USER_ID is also set before proceeding

Create a Tool Router session

# Create Tool Router session for Google Sheets
session = composio.create(
    user_id=os.getenv("COMPOSIO_USER_ID"),
    toolkits=['googlesheets']
)

url = session.mcp.url
What's happening:
  • We're creating a Tool Router session that gives your agent access to Google Sheets tools
  • The create method takes the user ID and specifies which toolkits should be available
  • The returned session.mcp.url is the MCP server URL that your agent will use
  • This approach allows the agent to dynamically load and use Google Sheets tools as needed

Configure the agent with the MCP URL

client = MultiServerMCPClient({
    "googlesheets-agent": {
        "transport": "streamable_http",
        "url": session.mcp.url,
        "headers": {
            "x-api-key": os.getenv("COMPOSIO_API_KEY")
        }
    }
})

tools = await client.get_tools()

agent = create_agent("gpt-5", tools)
What's happening:
  • We're creating a MultiServerMCPClient that connects to our Google Sheets MCP server via HTTP
  • The client is configured with a name and the URL from our Tool Router session
  • get_tools() retrieves all available Google Sheets tools that the agent can use
  • We're creating a LangChain agent using the GPT-5 model

Set up interactive chat interface

conversation_history = []

print("Chat started! Type 'exit' or 'quit' to end the conversation.\n")
print("Ask any Google Sheets related question or task to the agent.\n")

while True:
    user_input = input("You: ").strip()

    if user_input.lower() in ['exit', 'quit', 'bye']:
        print("\nGoodbye!")
        break

    if not user_input:
        continue

    conversation_history.append({"role": "user", "content": user_input})
    print("\nAgent is thinking...\n")

    response = await agent.ainvoke({"messages": conversation_history})
    conversation_history = response['messages']
    final_response = response['messages'][-1].content
    print(f"Agent: {final_response}\n")
What's happening:
  • We initialize an empty conversation_history list to maintain context across interactions
  • A while loop continuously accepts user input from the command line
  • When a user types a message, it's added to the conversation history and sent to the agent
  • The agent processes the request using the ainvoke() method with the full conversation history
  • Users can type 'exit', 'quit', or 'bye' to end the chat session gracefully

Run the application

if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())
What's happening:
  • We call the main() function using asyncio.run() to start the application

Complete Code

Here's the complete code to get you started with Google Sheets and LangChain:

from langchain_mcp_adapters.client import MultiServerMCPClient
from langchain.agents import create_agent
from dotenv import load_dotenv
from composio import Composio
import asyncio
import os

load_dotenv()

async def main():
    composio = Composio(api_key=os.getenv("COMPOSIO_API_KEY"))
    
    if not os.getenv("COMPOSIO_API_KEY"):
        raise ValueError("COMPOSIO_API_KEY is not set")
    if not os.getenv("COMPOSIO_USER_ID"):
        raise ValueError("COMPOSIO_USER_ID is not set")
    
    session = composio.create(
        user_id=os.getenv("COMPOSIO_USER_ID"),
        toolkits=['googlesheets']
    )

    url = session.mcp.url
    
    client = MultiServerMCPClient({
        "googlesheets-agent": {
            "transport": "streamable_http",
            "url": url,
            "headers": {
                "x-api-key": os.getenv("COMPOSIO_API_KEY")
            }
        }
    })
    
    tools = await client.get_tools()
  
    agent = create_agent("gpt-5", tools)
    
    conversation_history = []
    
    print("Chat started! Type 'exit' or 'quit' to end the conversation.\n")
    print("Ask any Google Sheets related question or task to the agent.\n")
    
    while True:
        user_input = input("You: ").strip()
        
        if user_input.lower() in ['exit', 'quit', 'bye']:
            print("\nGoodbye!")
            break
        
        if not user_input:
            continue
        
        conversation_history.append({"role": "user", "content": user_input})
        print("\nAgent is thinking...\n")
        
        response = await agent.ainvoke({"messages": conversation_history})
        conversation_history = response['messages']
        final_response = response['messages'][-1].content
        print(f"Agent: {final_response}\n")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())

Conclusion

You've successfully built a LangChain agent that can interact with Google Sheets through Composio's Tool Router.

Key features of this implementation:

  • Dynamic tool loading through Composio's Tool Router
  • Conversation history maintenance for context-aware responses
  • Async Python provides clean, efficient execution of agent workflows
You can extend this further by adding error handling, implementing specific business logic, or integrating additional Composio toolkits to create multi-app workflows.

How to build Google Sheets MCP Agent with another framework

OpenAI Agents SDK

OpenAI Agents SDK

Use Google Sheets MCP with OpenAI Agents SDK

Claude Agent SDK

Claude Agent SDK

Use Google Sheets MCP with Claude Agent SDK

Google ADK

Google ADK

Use Google Sheets MCP with Google ADK

Vercel AI SDK

Vercel AI SDK

Use Google Sheets MCP with Vercel AI SDK

Mastra AI

Mastra AI

Use Google Sheets MCP with Mastra AI

LlamaIndex

LlamaIndex

Use Google Sheets MCP with LlamaIndex

CrewAI

CrewAI

Use Google Sheets MCP with CrewAI

FAQ

What are the differences in Tool Router MCP and Google Sheets MCP?

With a standalone Google Sheets MCP server, the agents and LLMs can only access a fixed set of Google Sheets tools tied to that server. However, with the Composio Tool Router, agents can dynamically load tools from Google Sheets and many other apps based on the task at hand, all through a single MCP endpoint.

Can I use Tool Router MCP with LangChain?

Yes, you can. LangChain fully supports MCP integration. You get structured tool calling, message history handling, and model orchestration while Tool Router takes care of discovering and serving the right Google Sheets tools.

Can I manage the permissions and scopes for Google Sheets while using Tool Router?

Yes, absolutely. You can configure which Google Sheets scopes and actions are allowed when connecting your account to Composio. You can also bring your own OAuth credentials or API configuration so you keep full control over what the agent can do.

How safe is my data with Composio Tool Router?

All sensitive data such as tokens, keys, and configuration is fully encrypted at rest and in transit. Composio is SOC 2 Type 2 compliant and follows strict security practices so your Google Sheets data and credentials are handled as safely as possible.

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